Hammers from the Sea

Recently, I had the rare opportunity to pay homage to an old seagoing tugboat that has a strong connection to my family. When I acquired 10 ft. of the ship’s anchor chain, I decided to capture this bit of family history by having blacksmith Nick Verbree forge one of the chain links into hammer heads.

In the 1940s my grandfather headed up the Montreal Dry Docks where he oversaw the building of vessels for the Canadian Navy. In 1943, during WWII, my grandmother launched one of his ships—the HMCS Norton. The Norton went on to serve the remainder of the war as a salvage tug in the western North Atlantic. Post war, the Norton was sold to a logging company in Northern Ontario, Canada, and the ship was renamed the Peninsula. The tug hauled logs until it was decommissioned in 2018. 

I really wanted to create strong but stylish hammer handles to grace the forged hammer heads. So here’s how I set out to achieve that goal. 

Cobbler’s hammer is great for woodworking

I fashion my hammer handles after an antique cobbler’s hammer that feels oh so right in the hand. Vintage cobbler’s hammers are not just handsome tools; they are also well suited to cabinetmakers’ work with their large domed face. When restoring old hammer heads, I polish the face of the hammer by progressing through sandpaper grits until I get a good shine. The rest of the hammer head is left untouched. 

To start, I rough out my hammer handles on the lathe but a drawknife, spokeshave, or file can also be used for this work. Regardless of the roughing method, the same principles apply to the layout and finish work. It is important to select a hardwood with no knots and very straight grain for a strong handle. This hammer handle is not round. A blank of 1 in. by 2 in. by 11 in. was roughed out on the bandsaw, then turned on the lathe until reaching the maximum diameter of 1-1/2 in. across the entire length of the blank. 

Copying a hammer handle

Not every cross-section measurement is needed when transferring the pattern to the turning blank. Use the grid and the measurements above to determine the key transition points needed to duplicate the vintage handle’s shape. Mark these transition points on the vintage handle using a red lumber crayon. Then transfer them from the vintage handle to the blank on the lathe. 

When copying an existing handle, get ready to make your first cut by taking a measurement at a red reference mark using a set of calipers. Set the calipers to the exact measurement and then open them up a smidge for a bit of wiggle room, which might be needed later. If you are following a pattern on paper, set your calipers to the required measurements using a ruler and then open them a smidge. 

Before cutting the first red mark to depth, double and triple check that you are at the correct red mark on the handle. Then, using a parting tool, cut down to the desired diameter. Stop and check the diameter regularly with the calipers. When the calipers fit snugly over the cut, the desired diameter has been achieved. 

Continue to cut each red mark to its correct depth. To turn the tenon for the hammer head first measure the maximum width of the eye with inside calipers. Then measure the length of the eye and add 1/2 in. to this measurement to arrive at the length of the tenon needed on the handle. The tenon must stick out well above the top of the hammer head. Any excess will be cut away later. 

Start shaping the hammer handle by turning the tenon for the hammer head first, since it’s the only crucial measurement. When the tenon is cut to size, mark it boldly with red lumber crayon so that you won’t cut it again by accident. With the critical measurement out of the way, relax and turn the rest of the handle down to the depth of the reference marks that were made earlier with the parting tool. 

When the handle is close to final shape, turn off the lathe and run your hands over the handle to see how it feels. Consider closing your eyes or looking away to feel for areas where the transition points don’t flow. When ready, turn on the lathe and clean up these areas before moving on to the hand-tool work. 

Shaping the hammer handle

Now it is time to use a spokeshave, small plane, or a file to smooth the transitions from the flat to the round parts of the handle. I turn the lathe off and use it as a vise do this work, by locking the lathe’s headstock with the indexing pin. The handwork can also be done at a bench. It can be difficult to judge the handle shape while it is on the lathe, so don’t be afraid to take the handle off the lathe and to hold it in your hand or to view the handle in an upright position.

When the handle shape is complete, finish the turning by shaping the end of the handle using the turning tools. Leave a very generous nub on the end of the handle so it can be hit with a mallet later when test fitting the hammer head on the handle. Next, with the hammer handle still on the lathe, remove the tool rest and sand the hammer handle down to 400 grit. Then stop the lathe and sand with 400 grit in the direction of the grain. 

It’s now time to remove the handle from the lathe and wipe it down with a very wet cloth, which will raise the grain. Let it dry and sand in the direction of the grain with 600-grit paper. Now the handle can be burnished to a high shine. Remount the handle on the lathe (without the tool rest) and burnish the wood handle by holding a handful of wood shaving from your turning against the spinning handle. 

The first step in fitting the hammer head is cutting the round tenon to width. Begin by resting the hammer head on the tenon and transferring the measurement to the top of the tenon with a marking knife. Using these marks, cut the tenon with a hand saw. 

Fitting the handle to the head

Finally it is time to fit the hammer head onto the handle. Use a wooden or dead blow mallet to work the hammer head onto the handle. The eye of the head may not be symmetrical so make a reference mark on the top of the tenon to indicate which way the hammer head fits on the handle. Use this mark to orient the handle on the head each time the hammer head is removed. 

To ensure a tight-fitting hammer head, work slowly and watch for rub marks that appear where the eye of the hammer contacts the tenon. That’s where the material should be carefully removed if the head is not seating correctly. To remove the handle for further shaping of the tenon, simply tap the top of the tenon with a bit of wood small enough to fit inside the eye. Rather than removing material from the tenon, another option is to compress the wood fibers by laying just the tenon on an anvil and hitting it with a metal hammer. Later, oil will be used to swell these fibers back to their original shape. 

There are no hard and fast rules for securing the hammer head onto the handle. So much depends on the eye of the hammer head. You need to just go with the flow. A hand forged or antique hammer head may not have a uniform eye. Sometimes a wedge is needed in a direction that was never anticipated. 

Fit the handle 80% of the way onto the head and then decide if the handle needs a wedge. Also note which direction to place the wedge for the most secure fit of the hammer head to the handle. If the handle needs a wedge, cut a kerf for the wedge into the tenon. A wooden wedge or a steel wedge can be used on shop hammers. 

With luck, sometimes a hammer handle doesn’t need a wedge. If the hammer head fits snugly on the tenon and the tenon fibers are swollen with good soaking of oil (for several days) then no wedge is needed. This technique is often used on Japanese hammers, but it requires a very uniform hammer head eye. 

I don’t inlay a handle any earlier in the process because in the past, I have broken the odd tenon while installing a hammer head. Stay tuned for my next article that will outline this inlay process in detail. 

To complete the hammer head installation, fit the head onto the handle, making sure the head seats snugly against the handle at the bottom of the tenon. If needed, adjust the tenon shoulder, using a chisel to achieve a tight fit. Cut the tenon to length so it is just proud of the top of the hammer head and pound the wedge into place. 

When installing a wooden wedge, don’t forget to put a little glue on the wedge before hammering it in place. Of course, steel wedges don’t need glue. A wooden wedge is handy when a standard steel wedge is not wide or thick enough. To make the installation of a wooden wedge easier, hammer a steel wedge partway in, remove it with a set of pliers, and then hammer the wooden wedge in with glue. In this example, the ebony wooden wedge all but disappears once the tenon is oiled. Lastly, cut the nub off the bottom of the handle and file and sand it smooth. 

Now for the most satisfying moment of all. Apply a coat of your favorite oil to the handle and the hammer head and begin using your hammer. 

 

	From the bench: My workbench Karen McBride’s first workbench was built to fit in a laundry closet, and was the first step on a path.
	Toolbox show and tell – Hammers and mallets Four FWW staffers show off their favorite whacking implements in their toolboxes.
	Log Cabin Woodshop In her restored log building, Karen McBride finds inspiration from her vintage machines and the old furniture that she has adapted and repurposed for workshop use.

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