I’m in a detached garage workshop in Michigan and it starts to get cold (<30 F). I do store most finishes and glues inside, in particular the water based products.
Lets assume I have a glue-up in the garage. I have a heat source and I can warm it up to say 50+ and for long enough so the glue surfaces to also warm up.
For how long should I provide warmer temps to the glue-up before I can allow my shop to freeze again? Lets assume a normal size job (chest, side-table, etc.).
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I have "intermittent" heat in my garage shop as well. I keep the glue indoors in the winter as you do. For glue-ups, I make sure the shop is warm for a long time before I try any gluing. I try to bring the wood temperature up as well by doing that. Faster setting glue doesn't take long to settle into its bonding phase; I use almost exclusively Titebond II, but only because I bought a gallon on sale, not because it's better in the cold. I have other glues I've used as well, and not had problems with any of them. And some of my glue is four years old or so, so shelf life doesn't seem to be critical either.
But I don't heat overnight. I've had no issues with glue joints failing and it gets pretty brisk here in the winter nights. We're in eastern Washington though, and Michigan gets a dang sight colder at times!
For finishing I bring my pieces indoors to the basement. Finishes I find are far more finicky about temperature than glue. If I ever did find the glue wasn't setting, I'd bring it inside for 24 hours just to be sure.
It sounds like you're taking all the precautions you can, so I think you'll have success.
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